China s Attitude Towards The West - 868 Words

Introduction China and the West made significant contributions towards the evolutions that took place in the world. During the 18th century, Western opinion on China underwent radical change, due to what seemed to be China’s unwavering attitude towards the West. In spite of the fact that earlier Europeans had high regards for China, especially in idealized terms, this changed. By the late eighteenth century, the West viewed China as closed and hidebound society that immensely lacked interest in new knowledge, innovation, and science. Consequently, this led to a paradoxical situation in relation to the counterclaims towards each other. The ensuing relations and opinionated positions informed much of the historical events that took place in the latter years. In view of this background, China’s reserved in her attitudes towards the West in the light of the general validity of late eighteenth century European claims. China’s Attitude Towards the West China’s relationship with the West in the eighteenth century points to a general negative perception, which developed mainly in light of the fact that China had certain unique aspects of their lives, which deemed pure, thereby deserved immense protection from any external source that could deride them. Because of the need to remain unique, China had developed considerable negative attitude towards the West. They did not want to engage the West on issues, which, according to Europeans, were crucial for enhancing development. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Chinese Culture And Chinese Values1489 Words   |  6 Pagestensions between Britain and China broke out during the Qing dynasty due to Britain’s ignorance towards Chinese culture and discrepancies between Chinese and Western values. Reflected in Lord Macartney’s account of his first meeting with Emperor Qianlong in 1792, the source highlights Britain’s belief of how they had taken the right steps to impress the Emperor to begin establishing stronger trade relations with China. However, Britain were ignorant of the negative attitudes towards traders in the ChineseRead MoreEthnic Sovereignty And Cultural Attitude1474 Words   |  6 Pagesthat excluded all the non-Han Chinese, he could not understand the logic behind it. In order to rebut the revolutionaries, he wrote a long article to the Chinese Business Association in America to explain the ideas of ethnic sovereignty and cultural attitude. In this article, he had three major points about the Chinese identity. First, Kang felt that promoting Han nationalism was â€Å"the weirdest thing in the world† because the Manchus and Han had already formed â€Å"a nation for more than 200 years.† KangRead MoreCommon Foundation Of The Diamond Jewellery Markets784 Words   |  4 Pagesemotional charge for women, but the emotions vary across cultures. Traditionally the Japanese diamond market is part of the conformity culture, while in the western (American and European) markets, diamonds are seen as a sign of eternal love and in China diamonds are often associated with status. In Western and Japanese markets De Beers’ has been able to establish diamonds as the ultimate love offering and to women that no courtship was complete without a diamond engagement ring. Diamonds appeal toRead MoreQuality Practices in Modern China Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesQuality Practices in Modern China Issue 1. Do you see any parallels between today’s Modern China and post-World War 2 Japan? What differences are evident? Parallels †¢ Both cultures are rich and traditional, unified or nationalistic, and have similar religions, and values (Padmalingam, 2002). †¢ Rapid urbanisation – the move from an agricultural based society to a manufacturing (and thus urbanised) society. †¢ Democratisation – from a centralised government to capitalist, moving from an insularRead MoreGlobalization And Cultural Change : Globalization930 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization Cultural Change Globalization refers the movement toward globally similar social attitudes, linguistic, global trades, through increased connectedness among countries and individuals worldwide. This globalization allows citizens to discover and explore other cultures. As globalization occurs, local cultures need to take an active role. With actively engaged local cultures, globalization can be a win-win situation in both world and local cultures and can lead citizens throughout theRead MoreThe Rise Of China By Emerson Pyrke1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise of China – By Emerson Pyrke Over the past couple decades, we have seen china on a fast rise and growing very quickly, in fact, China s economic growth and active diplomacy are already transforming east Asia and in future decades we will see even greater increases in Chinese power and influence just knowing this information raises a wide range of different questions ranging from What can western country’s do if anything to maintain their positions as china rises? Or even questions such asRead MoreJapan / China Response Towards Western Penetration Essay1317 Words   |  6 PagesArianna Goff Dunnavant Per. 4 APWH 3-8-12 Japan / china response towards western penetration Although China and japan are similar when it comes to cultural independence, japan however, was interested in technological advancements influenced by the westerners causing interaction, while china stayed isolated causing a power shift, meaning Europeans were able to gain power and control over most of Asia and Africa during the nineteenth century. For 250 years, japan stayed isolated and independentRead MoreHofstede s Four Cultural Dimensions And Fons Trompenaars1225 Words   |  5 Pagesdimensions (1997) can be divided into seven sections that are universalism versus particularism, Individualism versus collectivism, neutral culture versus emotional culture, specific versus diffuse, achievement versus ascription, attitudes toward time and attitudes toward the environment. 2.1 Similarities Collectivism versus individualism of Trompenaars is similar with individualism versus collectivism of Hofstede with some degree (Trompenaars, 1993). People concern with themselves and focus on theirRead MoreHomosexuality in China1749 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom or Conservative ï ¼Å¸ ----Homosexual in China China was considered as a conservative society where do not get really open to sexual discussion. Even now, dating in high-school is considered too early and does not appropriate in China, which would cause problems in school if being found by teachers or parents. Meanwhile, Chinese attitude towards homosexual is more open than the West society. The night life for gay people are so various and at least among the young, we do not avoid talkingRead MoreEssay on The Cold War from 1950-19801739 Words   |  7 Pagesdemocracy in Asia. To lose it, would be a major blow to the USA and thus they did not wish to risk endangering it. To quote Mark. S Byrnes: â€Å"The United States saw the move (North Korean invasion) as potentially damaging to Japan’s security, and the former enemy had become the centre of American policy in Asia once the communists triumphed in China.†[1] Secondly, the US were also under the impression that the Soviet Union was winning the war. This was due to mainly two

The Economic Benefits Of Economic Welfare Essay - 2247 Words

Economic welfare is defined as the well-being or standard of living of an individual or individuals taking part in an economy (Business Dictionary, 2015). This can be measured through statistics such as individual income, health care expense, educational achievement and opportunity for economic growth. The better one fares among these categories, the more likely one is to have a higher standard of living and possess an inherent socio-economic advantage. Currently, the aboriginal population scores poorly across all of these standards. Despite government incentives, the average indigenous person is born into an economic disadvantage with little room for vertical movement, indicating a need for major social and legislative change. Among the aboriginal population in 2005, 18.7% of individuals living with family were below the poverty line. Unattached, or single, individuals were even more likely to fall into this low-income bracket at 42.8%. Conversely, these rates among the non-aboriginal population were 8.4% and 28.0% respectively (Collin Jensen, 2009). These numbers highlight the economic disparity Aboriginals face, the cause of which lies rooted in their historical mistreatment. To better understand the situation today and how it came to be, one must begin by looking at early Canadian policy involving Aboriginals. The first important document concerned with indigenous rights was the Royal Proclamation. Signed in 1763, it recognized the sovereignty of the aboriginalShow MoreRelatedThe Welfare State and Government Responses to Economic Openness1668 Words   |  7 PagesThe Welfare State and Government Responses to Economic Openness I. Introduction Economic openness is the phenomenon in which individual economies from all over the world become increasingly connected and interdependent through greater liberalization of trade and the vast movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. With the rise of globalization, positive effects have resulted from economic openness. The widespread benefits of globalization have resulted in global economic growthRead MoreBenefits Of Income And Assets Inequality Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagesfaster than the rate of economic growth in capitalist societies which means capital distribution has almost inevitably been skewed very heavily to the top. What this means is that effects of income and assets inequality should be focus on. However, different countries have different situations, and general analyze shows little evidences than giving the specific geographic area. Moreover, every stages of development of each country matters for the diversification of economic influence. It means theRead MoreSocialism And The Economic System1373 Words   |  6 Pagestherefore making it an ideal position in the economic justice debate. In looking into this position we find satisfaction in the answers it affords us. Socialism fulfills the innate responsibility of the government to care for its people. Moreover, aside from fulfilling this responsibility, socialism is the economic system that delivers the highest benefit as applied to the whole. The importance of these answers is that the primary question is how to find economic justice. In socialism, we have our answerRead MoreWelfare Reform : A New Era Of Social And Economic Inequality1375 Words   |  6 Pagesimplementation of the Welfare Reform act in 2012 by the Coalition government, introduced a new era of increased social and economic inequality in the UK. Through the introduction of welfare reforms, the inequality gap in the UK is at its biggest ever. By focusing on reforms in two areas; housing and benefits, this essa y will present the ways in which reforms like the introduction of Universal Credit, the Benefit Cap, Housing reform and finally the reduction and devolvement of many other benefits have severelyRead MoreThe Death Of Horatio Alger1652 Words   |  7 Pagespercent of the national income† (Freeland). Economic inequality is also known as income inequality, and it has always been a problem. The gap between the rich and the poor is growing wider and wider because wealth grows faster than the economy according to Thomas Piketty, and people are not able to move up through economic classes according to Paul Krugman. Economic inequality is a problem that can be overcome with raise the minimum wage, expand welfare benefits, and provide higher education. In his TEDRead MoreEuropean Competition Law And Policy1335 Words   |  6 Pagesthis essay will give a brief outline of competition and the significance of competition law and policy. Subsequently, this essay will give an explanation of the values behind European competition law and policy, which are consumer welfare, economic efficiency and economic freedom. The values will incorporate Articles 101 and 102 TFEU along with reference to the Chicago school of competition analysis and ordoliberalism. Competition occurs in a free market economy where firms will endeavour to achieveRead MoreSocial Democracy And Its Impact On Social Policy Essay1512 Words   |  7 PagesThe ideas, social democracy and conservatism have impacted social policy to support the citizens within New Zealand. They contrast in ways, which they are based upon. Social democracy bases their ideas in state intervention to support the welfare creating egalitarianism. Whereas conservatism base their ideas by providing minimal state intervention, where tradition social institutions are conserved and natural authority is established. Both ideas support individuals by providing a good vision; thisRead MoreAnalysis Of European Commission Sponsored Information Pamphlets And Campaigns Aimed At General European Audiences Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pagesworkforce was necessary for the economic growth of the European Union as a way to create a competitive economy, growth overall, and to combat an aging population and a dw indling labor supply. This message is echoed throughout the next thirty years of the EU s informational campaign aimed at society in general and women in particular. Furthermore, in the EU’s promotional materials exhorting women to work, there is no pretense that the push for equality is for women’s benefit. Instead, the materials explainRead MoreGlobalization and the Decline of the Welfare State1172 Words   |  5 Pages The idea that globalization and the welfare states can conflict comes from the fact that: while globalization is based on profit maximization, the welfare states main goal is to reduce, if not eliminate inequality, insecurity and poverty through proper redistribution of wealth mechanisms. The welfare state has to enhance â€Å"people’s adaptability, so that they, whatever their skills, can turn themselves from losers into winners through their own efforts† (Dennis J. Snower. Et al.137). The pointRead MoreExplain, and Illustrate Us ing Graphs, Whether You Think a Perfectly Competitive Industry or a Monopoly Industry Leads to More Efficient Outcomes for an Economy1740 Words   |  7 PagesExplain, and illustrate using graphs, whether you think a perfectly competitive industry or a monopoly industry leads to more efficient outcomes for an economy. RESEARCH ESSAY Microeconomics is defined as a study of how economic decisions are made by individuals and groups along with the range of factors affecting those decisions. In relevance to this, the analysis of perfect competition and monopoly regarding efficiency is considered one of the most core basis to the understanding of Microeconomics

Blood Ties and Families free essay sample

Many social scientists reject the idea that ‘families can be defined only by blood ties. ’ Discuss. The Oxford Dictionary meaning of family is noun (plural families) 1 [treated as singular or plural] a group consisting of two parents and their children living together as a unit. There are many different ideas about what makes a family, and is this idea of what a family is universal and the children’s perspectives. There is a lot of debate with social scientists about the family. Functionalists say that the term family is a universal institution performing functions for society’s survival. Sociologist Murdock suggest that each family has for functions in order to be classified as a family. They are, a common residence, however there are many cases in which families do not share a common residence for example if a child is at boarding school or a parent is in the armed forces. (Murdock, cited by Gittins, D, p. 2). (Gutman 1976) found that it was common among black slave families in the USA for a husband and wide to live on different plantations and see one another for a few hours once or twice a week. Soliende de Gonzalez cited by gittins) found this type of household very common in black Carib society: â€Å"there are groupings which I have called â€Å"dispersed families† in which the father, even though he is absent for long periods of time he still retains ultimate authority over a household for which he provides the only support, and where affective bonds continue to be important between him and his wife and his children†. (Mudock cited by Gittins p. ) next family function is economic co-operation, it’s a broad term and can encompass a wide range of activities such as sleeping and cooking, it occurs between households as well as between individuals within the household (Murdock cited by Gittins p. 4) third is his definition of sexuality is heterosexuality, even though this is only one of many forms of sexuality. They say that this is the most important function of a family because it leads to reproduction. He also suggests that they get pressured into thi nking that’s heterosexuality is a ‘socially approved relationship’ between two adults. However there are critisms of Murdock as he doesn’t take into account the diversity of the ways in which co-residence, economic relations, sexuality and reproduction. Many sociologists say that they are simply western values and ideas of what a family should be like and assume that everyone will agree. (Jessie Bernard 1973 cited by Gittins pg. 3) Another criticism is that families do not need adults of both sexes, or a heterosexual couple, as same sex couples can adopt or can use medical advances (e. . IVF or surrogacy) to become a biological parent. (Edholm 1982 cited by Gittins p. 4) Anthropologists prefer to use the term kinship rather than family, the ties which exist between individuals who are seen as related both through birth (descent) and through mating (marriage). † This theory is concerned with the ways in which parentage us assigned, attributed and recognised, descent is traced, relatives are classified, rights are transferred across generations and groups ar e formed. Unlike the functionalist approach the kinship theory stresses the fact that kinship is a social construction and also it emphasises on the variability of kinship depending on how it is defined. There is a debate about whether kinship is biological or social, many of us believe that its biological because of we know who are parents are and they made us so we simply think that kinship is biological but there are cases where children are brought up by parents who they believe to be their biological parents and then find out that they have been adopted and then suffer an identity crises because they do not know who they are anymore. Their own suffering is caused by the ways in which we define kinship in society and there is a clear difference between a ‘biological’ and ‘social’ parents, we see the biological parent as the real parents and that has the strongest bonds with the child, this is a strong western belief. However in other cultures they believe that it is the person who rears the child is defined as the parent regardless who is involved in the reproductive process, for example in some cultures it is common for a child to be raise by a grandparent. ( R. T. Smith cited by Gittins p. ) fond this was common in Guyana and Jamaica and says that ‘close and imperishable bonds are formed through the ‘act’ of raising a child. Fictive kinship (Rapp 1980:292 cited by Gittins p5) stated that fictive kinship was a serious relationship, and how we turn friends into family. It was also argued that kinship is whatever we chose it to be whether that’s biological, social or fictive, it’s a way of identifying others as in some way special from the rest, people to whom the individual or collectively feel responsible in certain ways. Many anthropologists have argued that kinship is simply a system of meaning and symbols, they also state that animals reproduce, mate and form attachments but they do not have a kinship system. (Marx cited by Gittins p 5) argued that it distinguishes people from animals. In child birth motherhood is always known unlike fatherhood, however apart from carrying and giving birth to the child that is where the biological process stops the rest become socially constructed. Gender also affects the ways that kinship is constructed and defined, they are both universally present as mothers and children are but the content of them and the meanings ascribed to them is highly variable. Age is also an important fact when it comes to kinship as people grow up the household composition and resources change. All relationships are different and with society changing there has become many different norms of society. Families do not have to be blood ties or even live under the same roof all the time or have two sec parents. Family isn’t universal.

Odysseus By Homer Essays - Odyssey, Ancient Greek Religion

Odysseus by Homer The Odyssey, written by Homer, tells the story of Odysseus andhow he faced misfortune in his attempts to return home after the Trojan war. Odysseus is not famous for his great strength or bravery, but for his ability to deceive and trick. From his misfortunes he learned to be a better man and became able to regain his place in his homeland of Ithaca. During his journeys Odysseus often makes the mistake of bragging to his enemies but learns that doing this gives his enemies a chance to seek revenge against him. After leaving Troy, Odysseus attacks the land of the Cicones. Instead of leaving after his victory he satys to celebrate until a force is gathered against him. He must then flee after many of his men are killed. Afterwards Odysseus and his crew land on the island of the Cyclops. they are attacked and someof the men are eaten by Polyphemus. After getting the giant Cyclops drunk, Odysseus and his medn blind the monster with a spear in his one eye. The could have made an escape without misfortune but Odysseus mocked Polyphemus and shouted his real name, when before Odysseus had told Polyphemus that his name was "Noman". With this new information Polyphemus prays to his father, Peoeidon, to have Odysseus and his men punished. because he agnered Peoceidon, Odysseus must wander throughout the sea while his men slowly die one by o ne. Odysseus learns that bragging can have ill effects and uses this knowledge on the island of Phaecians and Ithaca when he does not openly brag about his deeds and his journeys. Odysseus also learns to pay close attention to the instructions of the gods, or he might have to face a terrible price. When Odysseus and his crew landed at the island of Aeolus, they were given a parting gift that would have helped if they had paid attention to the warnings of Aeolus. He gave Odysseus a bag full of the bad winds tha would keep them from their home of Ithaca. Odysseus and his crew were in sight of the homeland they had waited so long to see, when a hand of rebel crewmen opened the bag, because they thought it contained treasures, creating a great gale that blew them back to Aeolus. When Aeolus saw this he believed that Odysseus was cursed and banished him from the island. this is not the only time Odyseus was betrayed by his men and suffered a great price. When they landed on the island of Hyperion, bad winds prevented them from leaving. Food soon became low, and when Odysseus was asleep, the crew killed the cows of Hyperion against the gods warnings. Hyperion was en raged to see this and had all of Odysseus' men killed in a great storm. Odysseus learns that the gods must be respected in order for any man to succeed. On the island of the Cicones, and with his encounter with Polyphemus, Odysseus learns that bragging can bring great misfortune. On Ithaca Odysseus never brags to the suitors and is able to enter his house with the Antinous and the other suitors knowing his real identity. He takes the punishment of Antinous and the other suitors without saying a word and is able to see those who have invaded his house. Odysseus is able to see who is loyal and who is not and take his revenge with the suitors never knowing who he was until the final moment. Odysseus also learns to respect the gods. when he landed on Aesea, the island of CIrce, he follows the instructions given to him by Hermes so that he can overcome Circe and free his men. Odysseus follows the instructions that Circe had given him very closely, entering and leaving hades without misfortune and using wax in the ears of his cre to pass the Sirens. Odysseus becomes a better man throughout his journeys and is ale to return to his homeland to regain his kingdom. After spending years with the goddes Calypso Odysseus is offered a choice of either living on the island with Calypso and becoming immortal like the gods, or he could retun to his wife and country and be mortal like

A Review of Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe

A Review of 'Robinson Crusoe' by Daniel Defoe Have you ever wondered what you would do if you washed up on a deserted island? Daniel Defoe dramatizes such an experience in Robinson Crusoe! Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe was inspired by the story of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor who went to sea in 1704. Selkirk requested that his shipmates put him ashore on Juan Fernandez, where he remained until he was rescued by Woodes Rogers in 1709. Defoe may have interviewed Selkirk. Also, several version of Selkirks tale were available to him. He then built on the story, adding his imagination, his experiences, and a whole history of other stories to create the novel for which he has become so well-known. Daniel Defoe In his lifetime, Defoe published more than 500 books, pamphlets, articles, and poems. Unfortunately, none of his literary endeavors ever brought him much financial success or stability. His occupations ranged from spying and embezzling to soldiering and pamphleteering. He had started out as a merchant, but he soon found himself bankrupt, which led him to choose other occupations. His political passions, his flare for libel, and his inability to stay out of debt also caused him to be imprisoned seven times. Even if he wasnt financially successful, Defoe managed to make a significant mark on literature. He influenced the development of the English novel, with his journalistic detail and characterization. Some claim that Defoe wrote the first true English novel: and hes often considered to be the father of British journalism. At the time of its publication, in 1719, Robinson Crusoe was a success. Defoe was 60 when he wrote this first novel; and he would write seven more in the years to come, including Moll Flanders (1722), Captain Singleton (1720), Colonel Jack (1722), and Roxana (1724). The Story of Robinson Crusoe Its no wonder the story was such a success... The story is about a man who is stranded on a desert island for 28 years. With the supplies hes able to salvage from the wrecked ship, Robinson Crusoe eventually builds a fort and then creates for himself a kingdom by taming animals, gathering fruit, growing crops, and hunting.The book contains adventure of all sorts: pirates, shipwrecks, cannibals, mutiny, and so much more... Robinson Crusoes story is also Biblical in many of its themes and discussions. Its the story of the prodigal son, who runs away from home only to find calamity. Elements of the story of Job also appear in the story, when in his illness, Robinson cries out for deliverance: Lord, be my help, for I am in great distress. Robinson questions God, asking, Why has God done this to me? What have I done to be thus used? But he makes peace ​and goes on with his solitary existence. After more than 20 years on the island, Robinson encounters cannibals, which represent the first human contact hes had since being stranded: One day, about noon, going towards my boat, I was exceedingly surprised with the print of a mans naked foot on the shore, which was very plain to be seen on the sand. Then, hes alone - with only the brief far-off view of a shipwreck - until he rescues Friday from the cannibals. Robinson finally makes his escape when a ship of mutineers sail to the island. He and his companions help the British captain to take back control of ​the ship. He sets sail for England on December 19, 1686after spending 28 years, 2 months, and 19 days on the island. He arrives back in England, after being gone for 35 years, and finds that he is a wealthy man. Loneliness and the Human Experience Robinson Crusoe is the tale of a lonely human being who manages to survive for years without any human companionship. Its a story about the different ways that men cope with reality when hardship comes, but its also the tale of a man creating his own reality, rescuing a savage and fashioning his own world out of the untamed wilderness of a desert island. The tale has influenced many other tales, including The Swiss Family Robinson, Philip Quarll, and Peter Wilkins. Defoe followed up the tale with his own sequel, The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, but that tale was not met with a much success as the first novel. In any case, the figure of Robinson Crusoe has become an important archetypal figure in literature - Robinson Crusoe was described by Samuel T. Coleridge as the universal man.

Directional Selection Is One of Three Types of Natural Selection

Directional Selection Is One of Three Types of Natural Selection Directional selection  is one type of  natural selection  in which the  phenotype  (the observable characteristics) of the species tends toward one extreme rather the mean phenotype or the opposite extreme phenotype. Directional selection is one of three widely studied types of natural selection, in addition  to  stabilizing selection  and  disruptive selection. In stabilizing selection, the extreme phenotypes gradually reduce in number in favor of the mean phenotype, while in disruptive selection, the mean phenotype shrinks in favor of extremes in either direction.   Conditions Leading to Directional Selection The directional selection phenomenon is usually seen in environments that have changed over time. Changes in weather, climate, or food availability can lead to directional selection. In a very timely example connected to climate change, sockeye salmon have recently been observed shifting the timing of their spawn run in Alaska, likely due to rising water temperatures.   In a  statistical analysis of natural selection, directional selection shows a population bell curve for a particular trait that shifts either further left or further right. However, unlike  stabilizing selection, the height of the bell curve does not change. There are far fewer average individuals in a  population that has undergone directional selection. Human interaction can also speed up directional selection. For example, human hunters or fishermen pursuing quarry most often kill the bigger individuals of the population for their meat or other large ornamental or useful parts. Over time, this causes the population to skew toward the smaller individuals. A directional selection bell curve for size will show a shift to the left in this example of directional selection. Animal predators can also create directional selection. Because slower individuals in a prey population are more likely to be killed and eaten, directional selection will gradually skew the population toward faster individuals. A bell curve plotting species size will skew toward the right when documenting this form of directional selection.   Examples As one of the common forms of natural selection, there are plentiful examples of directional selection that have studied and documented. Some well-known cases:   Charles Darwin  studied what later became known as directional selection while he was in the  Galapagos Islands. He observed that the beak length of the Galapagos  finches  changed over time due to available food sources. When there was a lack of insects to eat, finches with larger and deeper beaks survived because the beak structure was useful for cracking seeds. Over time, as insects became more plentiful, directional selection began to favor  finches  with smaller and longer beaks that were more useful for catching insects.Fossil records show that black bears in Europe decreased in size during periods between continental glacial coverage during the ice ages, but increased in size during the glacial period. This was likely because larger individual enjoyed an advantage in conditions of limited  food supplies and  extreme cold.  In 18th and 19th century England peppered moths who had been predominantly white in order to blend in with light colored trees began t o evolve into a predominantly dark species in order to blend in with an environment that was becoming increasingly covered with soot from Industrial Revolution factories.

Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None Essay

Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None - Essay Example Lawrence Wargrave, being a judge, it seems is being alluded to here. The second verse says that â€Å"one got in Chancery†. Perhaps Judge Wargrave is not the one who dies but the one who commits the murder. Being a judge, â€Å"getting in to Chancery†, all imply the notions of the meting out of justice. Perhaps, it can be argued, that Wargrave feels he has the right to punish these people who are guilty of murder (in some way or another). His last name â€Å"Wargrave† is not a common name, and could also be Christie’s way of telling us that the man perceives himself to be a soldier of justice of some kind, going to war against those he believes to be wrong; digging their â€Å"graves†. The immediate conclusion that one could spring to is that the next victim could be Philip Lombard. The use of â€Å"red herring† could signal in this case, to Lombard’s underestimation of Vera Claythorne. What he assumes her to be, and what she potentially could be, could lead to his possible demise; which leads us to another conclusion – that Claythorne could also be the murderer. This is not the only conclusion however. Whilst Claythorne could also be a murderer she might simply just be more resourceful than Lombard assumed her to be, and so saves herself from a sticky situation. Apart from Wargrave, the only other individual who seems to be a potential candidate is Blore. He is a former policeman, and might have similar notions of delivering justice, as presumed in the case of Wargrave. He also takes charge often which could be his way of manipulating the

Danger Of Smoking For The Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Danger Of Smoking For The Society - Essay Example The tobacco products are sources of taxes, and thus the government should not ban smoking. Weighing the benefits and drawbacks of abolition is an important exercise. Smoking affects the health of the smokers and non-smokers. Banning of the cigarette sale and smoking is important to reduce the healthcare cost and financial burden of smokers, as well as, promote a healthier nation that can work productively. Smoking affects the health of the smokers and non-smokers. The World Health Organization report attributes many deaths to smoking (Ash 3). The projections of the World Health Organization indicate that people who succumb to death from the smoking might reach ten million in 2020 (Ash 3-5). Notably, smoking in public affects the health of people and does not discriminate against the age. The children raised by the families, which smoke, have high chances of developing health complications. For instance, such children exhibit health complications such as cardiovascular and neurobiological problems. According to Ash, a study focusing on pediatrics indicated that passive smoking affects the children, and the youngsters have higher chances of suffering from chronic diseases including sickle cell anemia (2-5). In this respect, it is important to ban the sale of cigarettes in order to promote a nation that has healthier children. Smoking increases the chances of contracting medical conditions such as asthma, which consequently retards the mental growth in children. Ash reports about a study in the United States that linked the children’s exposure to the smoke from the cigarette to ill health and poor reasoning capabilities (4). The indication is that the children brought up in an environment that promotes smoking have a high possibility of exhibiting the asthmatic symptoms such as wheezing and pains in the chest.

Chinese New Year Traditions Essay Example for Free

Chinese New Year Traditions Essay Tundra (Arctic and alpine) Boreal forest or taiga Temperate deciduous forest Scrub forest called chaparral in California) Tropical thorn scrub and woodland (Dry forest) Savanna Temperate grassland Desert (cold and hot) Tropical Rainforest I emperate RalnTorest Answer the following questions about biomes: 1 . What attributes are used to define biomes? 2. Which is the coldest biome? 3. Which the largest most precipitation? 7. The tropical rainforest is located between which two Tropics? 8. The changing season is best viewed in which biome? 9. Which biome has been mostly converted to agricultural use?

The Politics of Percy Shelley Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

The Politics of Percy Shelley      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Following the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars, Europe was left torn by economic decline, political turmoil, and uncertainty. Out of these events sprang writers who saw it as their duty to ease the social and political dilemmas through their inspirational writings. One of these Nineteenth century writers was Percy Shelley, who is known for the revolutionary and defiant ideas he expressed in his works. Many of his writings such as "A Song: 'Men of England,'" "The Mask of Anarchy," and "Ozymandias," reflect his radical political approach to solving England's troubles. Although Shelley does not explicitly voice a cry for socialism, his poems do call for a proletarian response to the tyrannical leaders of England, yet he ultimately fails in sparking a revolution due to several contradictions as well as the fact that they remained unpublished; based on these issues, Shelley became merely a precursor to the socialist ideas of the late Nineteenth cent ury.    One of Percy Shelley's boldest poems concerning a proletarian uprising is "A Song: 'Men of England,'" in which the diction and style of the piece evoked a sense of urgency and magnitude. Just as Ifor Evans claimed that Shelley had a "personality in revolt," it should also be noted that his poetry urged others to "revolt"(140). When read aloud, the poem sounds more like a fiery speech than a Romantic piece of literature. Shelley used vivid images to catch the reader's attention, such as "Drain your sweat? nay, drink your blood?" ("A Song" line 8). The "sweat" and "blood" were images that the en-slaved workers of England were well accustomed to, so Shelley used these words not only to attract attention but ... ...orton Anthology of English Literature.Vol. 2.Ed. M.H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. 7th ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 2000. 728. ---. "The Mask of Anarchy Written on the Occasion of the Massacre at Manchester."The Complete Poetical Works (1904).Literature Online. 5 Apr. 2002 <http://lion.chadwyck.com/po_basic/fulltext?WARN=N&TO CHITS=N&ALL=Y&ACTION=BYID&ID=Z200484027>. ---. "Ozymandias."The Norton Anthology of English Literature.Vol. 2.Ed. M.H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. 7th ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 2000. 725 -26. ---. "To Sidmouth and Castlereagh."The Norton Anthology of English Literature.Vol. 2.Ed. M.H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. 7th ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 2000. 728 -29. Wolfson, Susan. Formal Charges. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1997. Woodring, Carl. Politics in English romantic poetry. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1970.

Cardiovascular Disease in Firefighters

Informational Research Essay Research & Writing Health Sciences ENG 1121 Cardiovascular Disease in Firefighters Firefighting uses techniques and equipment to extinguish fires, protect and limit damages to valuables, assist in other emergencies and ultimately save lives. The main basis in firefighting is to extinguish the fire by removing one or more of the three components that causes combustion, which are: heat, oxygen or fuel. The modernization of industrialized life has required firefighters to become more trained and physically fit to operate existing technologies and protection against prominent health hazards.In this essay, I will be discussing the three long term health risks of Firefighters: high-stress, cardiovascular risks, and cardiovascular disease associated with firefighting. There are many factors that contribute to the risk of cardiovascular disease in firefighters. â€Å"The trend over the last 20 years for percent of deaths due to some form of cardiovascular diseas e has ranged from approximately 35% to 53% of all deaths†, (Pendergast, 2004, p. 6) in firefighter fatalities. CVD affects the cardiovascular system; hindering the normal functions of the heart, brain and other vital organs.In most instances, ischemia and hypoxemia are the main causes of CVD. Ischemia is the insufficient blood flow in providing adequate oxygenation to vital organs, thus, in turn, causes hypoxemia (low blood oxygen) and tissue hypoxia. When tissue hypoxia occurs in the heart, arrhythmia (fibrillation of the heart) is likely to occur, followed by a myocardial infraction. In some cases, ischemia does not need to be a contributing factor for CVD, for example, anemia (lack of healthy red blood cells) may be more prevalent than ischemia.Due to the amount of risk factors researched, risk factors were categorized into three parts; Personal (advancing age, gender, underlying health conditions, hypertension, smoking, sleep disorders, obesity and lack of exercise), workp lace factors (exposure to toxic emissions, heat stress, physical exertion and noise exposure), and Physical & Psychological stressors (work environment factors, environmental hazards and psychological stress). Out of all the personal factors listed, smoking, obesity and lack of exercise seem to be the more prevalent factors to increase firefighter’s susceptibility to CVD.Smoking in general has always been used by the public as a way to cope with stress. Being that firefighting is one of the most stressful jobs in North America, smoking is likely to be a coping mechanism for firefighters, thus, adding the CVD risk by twofold. â€Å"Smokers have been shown to have elevated carbon monoxide levels in their blood and this is known to lead to chronic artery obstruction. † (Pendergast, 2004, p. 23) Additional factors are, obesity and a lack of exercise. â€Å"The prevalence of obesity and high total cholesterol levels were higher in firefighters, relative to the general popu lation. (Byczek, 2004, p. 67) The physical and hazardous demands for firefighting requires a high level of physical fitness, as well as physical strength and agility. Furthermore, they must wear heavy personal protective equipment and carry tools through intense heat. At any scene, there’s always a level of danger that the firefighters keep in mind. Dangers include the possibility of exposure to toxic materials and gases. â€Å"Self-contained breathing apparatus use has reduced, but not eliminated chemical exposures including carbon monoxide, particulates and other toxicants. (Kales, 2004, p 68) Exposure to high levels of carbon monoxide reduces oxygen delivery to the heart. When attacking a fire, heat stress and physical exertion are two of the most common factors that contribute to CVD risk. â€Å"Heat stress and fluid losses can result in decrease in the cardiac output despite sustained tachycardia. † (Kales, 2003) Blood flow decreases as the body attempts to cool down by expanding the capillaries, allowing more blood to surface to the dermis. This action cause low pressure, while the heart struggles to compensate by beating rapidly. Firefighters are stressed by their own station environment, their protective gear, their officers and leaders, current management style, coworkers, and the stress of leaving their family and loved ones during natural and manmade disasters. † (Shantz, 2002 p3) Stress plays a crucial CVD risk factor, yet, there are two distinct types of stress that affects firefighters. Work environment factors affect firefighters psychologically; whereas environmental hazards cause physical stress. Traumatic events of critical incidents are experienced by everyone at least one time in their lives.After an incident, people may experience strong emotional and physical reactions. These reactions are quite common and may take weeks or months to recover. But with firefighters, traumatic events are more common, and emotional after shocks tend to build up overtime without given time to â€Å"rest up†. When left untreated, it cause post-traumatic disorder, which can play a significant role in the risk of CVD. Environmental hazards are the hazards that affect firefighters physically by situations on the fire ground.Hazards include heat stress and intense physical exertion. A combination of heat stress amd excessive physical strain causes an inadequate oxygenation of the blood, the body releases erythropoietin to create more red blood cells, in turn, counteracts the inadequacy of oxygen in the blood. This homeostasis reaction cause polycythemia when the firefighter is at rest. Polycythemia is a blood disorder that causes blood flow to decrease due to an increase of red cell production. Symptoms include weakness, fatigue, headache, itching, joint pain and dizziness.The prevalence of high stress in firefighters has been found to be directly co-related to the cardiovascular risks that are prominent in firefig hting activities. Men and woman in firehouses across North America; paid, on-call and career, endure many different forms of occupational stress. Yet, the lack of physical fitness among firefighters is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease. References Byczek, L. , Walton, S. , Conrad, K. , Reichelt, P. , & Samo, D. (2004). Cardiovascular risks in firefighters: implications for occupational health nurse practice. AAOHN Journal, 52(2), 66-76. Kale, S. N. Soteriades, E. S. , Christoudias, S. G. , & Christiani, D. C. (2003, September). Firefighters and on-duty deaths from coronary heart disease: a case control study. Boston, MA: The Cambridge Health Alliance. Retrived, March 28, 2013 from http://www. ehjournal. net/content/2/1/14 Pendergast, D. A. (2004). The leading cause of death of American firefighters in the 21st century: a study of the impact of occupational stress on cardiovascular disease. East Derry Fire Department. Shantz, M. C. (2002). Effect of work related stress on f irefighter/paramedic. Eastern Michigan University School of Fire Staff and Command.Retrived, March 28, 2013 from http:// http://www. emich. edu/cerns/downloads/papers/FireStaff/Stress,%20Fitness,%20Wellness/Effect%20of%20Work%20Related%20Stress%20on%20the%20Firefighter%20Paramedic. pdf Staley, J. A. , Weiner, B. , & Linnan, L. (2011). Firefighter fitness, coronary heart disease, and sudden cardiac death risk. American Journal Of Health Behavior, 35(5), 603-617. Sweeney, P. (2012). Firefighters at risk ~ The negative effects of stress and trauma on the human spirit. The Sweeney Alliance, 19. Retrived from http://sweeneyalliance. org/grievingbhindthebadge/firefighters-at-risk/

Givers versus Takers Essay

There is a reason why the biblical phrase â€Å"it is better to give than to receive† is so popular. For a long time, authors described successful people in business as having talent and luck, but nowadays according to Adam Grant, they share another quality; they give back (Brandom, 2013, para 1). In this context a dilemma surfaces. One component that distinguishes organized cultures is whether the cultures themselves are framed by giver or taker philosophies. The main reasons that make the giver culture better is the preferences for reciprocity, the mission of the company, and the success of the philosophy. In the frenetic world of business development, companies differ in their preferences for reciprocity. At this point in time, most businesses are anchored with two extremes: the takers and the givers. In giver environments, employees operate as high-performing intelligence to: help others, share knowledge, offer mentoring, and make connections without expecting anything in return. At the other end of the spectrum, the norm is to get as much as possible from others while contributing less in return. Taker employees help only when they expect the personal benefits to exceed the costs, as opposed to when the organizational benefits outweigh the personal costs (Grant, 2013, para. 3). Takers are selfish, and evaluate what other people can give them. Givers, however, are characterized for being selfless, giving more emphasis to what others require from them. Many people limit the giver label to prodigious heroes such as Mahatma Gandhi. Phenomenal acts are not required for being a giver, only strategic acts (Grant, 2013, para 15). Giver and takers are not defined by their affinity for money. Rather, they differ in their attitudes and actions toward other people. A Company environment starts with the organization’s leadership, and how they create, communicate, and behave to support the mission. In this context, there are two aspects that identify what kind of CEO a company has, and, as a result of their actions, how the mission is established. The first indication is their speech. The takers tend to use first-person singular pronouns, like â€Å"I† and â€Å"me,† while the givers use â€Å"us† and â€Å"we†. The second aspect is the CEO’s character’s reflection on the company. Takers believe that it is all about them. For example, they usually think, â€Å"I am the single most important figure in this company†. When you look at their photos in the company’s annual reports, they have larger photos, and they are more likely to be pictured alone. On the other hand, giver leaders consider the company as a whole, and how everyone is an essential part of it. Due to this perspective, they prefer to be pictured with the entire team. After the type of CEO is identified, the mission of their company becomes clear. It is recognizable that a mission based on giver beliefs benefits the helping nature within the company and assists the employees to freely contribute their knowledge and skills to others. Giver companies achieve a greater and more meaningful success than taker companies. Both givers and takers can achieve success. Nevertheless, there is a peculiar difference that happens when givers succeed. It disperses and cascades in a way that creates a ripple effect, enhancing the success of people around them.. In consequence, people around them are rooting for and supporting them. Unlike givers, when takers win, there is usually someone else who loses, and people tend to envy successful takers. The principal difference lies in how giver success creates value, instead of just claiming it (Popova, 2013, para 17). The approach to a giver’s success is determined over a long period of time. The results of the strategies are not immediate; however, it has a long-term repercussion in the company development. In contrast to givers, takers may achieve success, but it is likely to be short-lived and not rooted in meaningful or equitable relationships (Stanger, 2013, para. 4). In fact, the patterns of success based on reciprocity giver’s philosophy are remarkably efficient. In conclusion, givers and takers are philosophies of business interaction, but the lines between them are defined by differences in reciprocity, mission, and work outcomes. Namely, giving culture in a company is the best option which provides genuine support, better satisfaction of the clients, and an increase in the productivity of the employee system. References Brandon. (2013). Why Givers (Not Takers) Usually Win. Retrieved October 21, 2013 from http://www.inc.com/john-brandon/qanda-adam-grant-author-of-give-and-take.html Grant. (2013). Givers take all: The hidden dimension of corporate culture. Retrieved October 21, 2013 from http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/organization/givers_take_all_the_hidden_dimension_of_corporate_culture Grant. (2013). Good Return. Retrieved October 21, 2013 from http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0713/feature2_1.html Popova. (2013). Givers, Takers, and Matchers: The Surprising Science of Success. Retrieved October 21, 2013 from http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2013/04/10/adam-grant-give-and-take/ Stenger. (2013).What’s The Real Secret to Success? A â€Å"Giver† Instinct. Retrieved October 21, 2013 from https://www.stengerandcompany.com/blog/86-what-s-the-real-secret-to-success-a-giver-instinct

Caribbean Studies, History Essays

Caribbean Studies, History Essays Caribbean Studies, History Essay Caribbean Studies, History Essay Peasantry Peasantry in the Caribbean dates back to 1838. Technically, peasantry is a combination of the cultivation of a variety of goods and the raising of a variety of animals on fairly small pieces of property without the aid of hired labour and largely for subsistence purposes. Brierly and Ruben (1988) describe peasants as typically economically deprived people at the lower strata off society. Characteristics of Caribbean peasantry Historically existed on the crevices of society – any area where the main economic activities of the Europeans did not have control. Historically the peasantry existed in opposition to and in competition with the plantation despite their interdependence. According to Marshall, Caribbean peasantries incorporated non-agricultural activities such as fishing, shop keeping, and casual estate work. Caribbean peasantries have always involved the production of some goods for sale in local markets. Types of peasant communities in the Caribbean Europea n peasant communities Runaway slave communities – The maroons of Jamaica, Spanish Santo Domingo and Suriname for examples. (Many of these maroons traded products for weapons and or clothes. ) Slave farms on the plantation Significance and contribution of the peasantry to Caribbean society – â€Å"Emancipation in Action† (Sidney Mintz and Woodville Marshall) Social Enhanced money and time management skills of slaves and later ex-slaves. Engendered self-reliance, planning and political awareness among ex-slaves. Maintaining social and economic stability in rural and non-plantation areas via attempts to build self-generating communities, villages, churches, schools etc. Soften the rigid class divisions that existed Cultural New and renewed cuisines Artistry and artisanship Economic Slaves learnt cultivation skills and soil management. Added to the establishment of the local cooperatives movement and P. C. Banks Added to the export and trade of Caribbean c ountries via the diversification of agricultural produce Increases self-sufficiency especially in the export markets Difficulties Ex-slaves had tremendous difficulty in legally acquiring land due largely to government polices and planters’ activities. Completion from non-agricultural activities such as bauxite, tourism and oil in Trinidad; Migration particularly after 1945; Poor living standards for many peasants; Shortage of resources (capital, knowledge, storage and transportation facilities) Completion from cheaper imports Wasteful agricultural practices.

June 2008 Most Popular Articles

June 2008 Most Popular Articles June 2008 Most Popular Articles June 2008 Most Popular Articles By Daniel Scocco Happy 4th of July to all the U.S. readers. Below you will find the most popular articles of the past month; check them out if you missed any. Nonstandard Usage Detracts from Novel: The English language can certainly be said to be in flux when college professors write such stuff as Using the Active Voice to Strengthen Your Writing: Writing in the active voice means constructing sentences where the subject â€Å"acts†. Email Etiquette: So, being able to write a professional, business-like email is a crucial skill. Daily Writing Tips has already covered the email subject line, but the body of your message also matters. 25+ Pieces of Writing Software You Should Know About: Of course, all you really need in order to write is a notebook and pen. But there are lots of software packages that can make life easier for writers. Whatever you want to be able to do, there’s almost certainly some software out there to help you. Pen Names: A reader, who wishes to remain anonymous, uses his real name in his writing for a weekly newspaper, but is considering using a pen name for other work. PC Vitals for Every Freelance Writer: If you’ve never experienced the horror of a computer screen turning stark blue and displaying garbled characters while you are working on it, then lucky you. Five Ways to Write Faster: Whether you need to clear a backlog of emails, write an important document at work, finish a short story, or do your homework, spending hours staring at a blank screen and struggling to come up with words won’t help. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business Letter"Replacement for" and "replacement of"Bail Out vs. Bale Out

Self Evaluation in Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Self Evaluation in Business law - Essay Example The paper is done using the Harvard referencing system and proper in-text citation and bibliography is provided. There is also a list of appendices used in the research report. Familiar cases and ruling have been applied appropriately, for example the case of in liability for allergic reaction of goods purchased under the sale of goods agreement. Most importantly has been submitted in good time. Last but not least the answer provide in different question have demonstrated that reasonable reach has been conducted and there is understanding of the Sale of good Act of 1974 and the Consumer Credit Act. It is one thing knowing about the Acts, and it is another thing being able to apply the provisions in handling complex real situations.Under the Sale of Goods Act, Julia has a right to complain to the seller of the washing machine. It is the buyers duty to inspect goods once there are delivered and to notify the seller of any faults within reasonable time. Some products have warranty perio ds but the Sale of goods act stipulates that the rights of a buyer can not be curtailed by simple warranty terms and conditions. A buyer has the right to inspect goods within reasonable time and place before accepting them. Generally, a buyer who finds goods purchase too be faulty is entitled with the responsibility to proof that the goods were faulty at the time of purchase. This way, a buyer can request for a full refund. Had Julia inspected the washing machine before six months, it would have been agreed that the machine was fault at the time of sale. However, Julia has reasonable circumstances as to why she did not return the machine earlier. She was traveling and thus had no time to inspect the machine. Julia was not in position to inspect and check the washing machine when it was delivered because she was called immediately the machine was delivered to an emergency and was away for 6 months. Her responsibility in this case is to just proof that the machine was not in satisfact ory condition at the time of purchase because she has never used it even once. It is her right as a consumer to get goods of acceptable standard and that are fit for their purpose (National Consumer agency 2011). It is now Julia’s responsibility to act promptly. She can seek refund, replacement or repair under the sale of goods Act. Oliver bought a luxury deep filled duck –down pillow so he would sleep well. However, he did not ask the sellers for man –made fibre pillow. The sellers were unaware of his allergy reactions to feather. Therefore, the sellers acted in good faith while selling Oliver the luxury pillow; he wanted to sleep well and he never told them about any problems with feather. The seller’s responsibility under consumer Act was to let the buyers know that the pillow had feather in it. The case would have been different if Oliver had told the seller that he was allergic to feather. Then, he would have statutory rights to be compensated for the harm suffered and may get another feather free luxury pillow. The product was not faulty or defective, it is just that he was allergic and other buyers may be not allergic. In the case of Adelman-Tremblay V.Jewel Companies, Inc in 1988, it was

The Education system of China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Education system of China - Essay Example The other stage is secondary education; this stage is classified in two groups, specialized education and the academic secondary education (Wang 27). The academic lower and upper middle schools are obligated to provide academic secondary education. On the other hand, a student going for vocational secondary education or specialized education can attend training for two or four years. This system provides training more low skilled personnel, technician, managers and farmers. A student at this category can attend undergraduate level of either two or three years. The two options are also known as short cycle colleges, four-year colleges and universities. They provide both academic and vocational training to students. The Chinese universities and colleges provide graduate programs that make it possible for students to attain Masters or Ph.D. degree. Additionally, undergraduate level is available in either three years or four-year educational program. Three-year program is available in short cycle colleges, universities and four-year colleges. The four-year program is offered in universities and four-year colleges. The difference here is that a student taking four-year program does not attain a bachelor’s degree (Chapman et al. 271). Adult education in Chinese educational system is a reflection of the other two categories, higher education and basic education. They include adult primary education that covers, workers primary education, education for illiterate persons and peasant farmer’s education. Secondary education covers TV and radio specialized education. Peasant and some adult workers are also provided with adult specialized secondary education. TV and radio universities are some of the categories included in Adult higher education program. Other systems available in adult higher education include worker’s colleges, cadre institutes and the correspondence colleges. The mentioned systems of adult education are available in a

Fuzzy systems for diabetes - A literature review ( this specific area) Article

Fuzzy systems for diabetes - A literature review ( this specific area) - Article Example The use of fuzzy logic for instance in the field of medicine and bio engineering has proved to be extremely significant as a vital decision making tool. Fuzzy set and fuzzy logic have garnered considerable acceptance in the field of medicine due to its ability to interpret the vast information regarding medical findings and help in diagnosing diseases effectively through use of integrated approach comprising of a combination of eastern as well as western medicine. It affords the medical experts an opportunity to monitor the patient related data in real time, thus drastically enhancing the quality of patient care (Phuong and Kreinovich, 2001). Fuzzy logic and applications have been in use in the field of medicine since the early eighteenth century. Ever since its introduction it has been largely used for computer assisted diagnostics and for intelligent patient monitoring. As the data regarding patients and other aspects of medicine continues to expand the use of computer assisted systems such as fuzzy logic and fuzzy methods are likely to be in high demand due to its unique capability to control and manage complex tasks effortlessly. Fuzzy logic systems and control applications are likely to provide the much needed assistance in a hospital based setting which is characterized by complex tasks expected to be performed within a set deadline (Castillo et al., 2007). Knowledge base: A knowledge base refers to a repository / database of information which comprises of all the relevant data concepts and policies which are used to define the control rules for building a control system (Deb et al., 2011). Fuzzification scheme: is responsible for mapping the range of input variables and assigning them to appropriate universes of discourses which are represented by linguistic labels. According to Manaf et al., (2011) Fuzzification

Analysis of Judicial Diversity

Analysis of Judicial Diversity As much as genetic diversity is praised to be a key factor determining an individuals performance and survival; the much is judicial diversity regarded in acutely deeming efficiency of judiciary. Such is the stance of Lady Hale who was the first women to be appointed as a Lord of appeal in Ordinary in 2004 and had witnessed the court replacing itself without reaching a more diverse collegium. She is a staunch supporter of diversification in Judiciary and hence displayed her stance very effectively in the case of Radmacher Vs Granatino, where she proved that a male dominated judicial collegium would not help reach justice at certain instances where they dont have the correct expertise and lack ability to understand a womens psych and emotions. Her stance gets further cemented by the book feminist judgements which significantly prove how a case can change if approached from a women diverse vision. In recent years, to reach such diversity the courts have slowly started to expose out of the grip of former appointment procedures that placed Lord chancellor and the Queen with total autonomy over judicial appointments, resultantly the courts started to appear all men and white. Hence, in last decades there have been a visible change in making a diverse judiciary more than just a dream. Lord Irvine contributed in formalizing this intention of having a diverse judiciary by making a committee to check the appointments. However, he later submitted the matter in hands of Sir Leonard peach who showed his satisfaction with the appointment methodology and subsequently the matter was subsided. Later on, in April 2003 his proposal of JAC lead him to be dismissed, forestalling his service in way of a diverse Judiciary. The importance of such judiciary is slowly being realized by the situation and by the Judges on the apex of Judiciary. The old mechanism of appointments that totally rested in hands of the Queen and Lord chancellor increasingly became prone to objections over its transparency and credibility of appointed people as such system contained elements exploitable for  Ã‚   bias. As centuries, have passed and the role of monarchy in UK has merely reduced to just a symbolic post, similarly the Judiciary is increasingly inquisitive about the appointments and so is the general public. Diversity in judiciary can enable a country to represent more than just a fraction of its populace rather than just appearing to be holding a certain fraction, as professed by its quite homogenous panel of judges. Certainly, its evident that a diverse judiciary, equal in ethnic representations and in gender representation can lead to a very different decision than what it could be as there are certain issues where a upper hand in terms of ability to judge a certain situation can lead to justice and also in building of precedents that can improve the general level of legal development. Moreover, a diverse judiciary can up the moral of public and make them more confident in the legal system and a diverse panel of judges can also eliminate appellants fear of potential bias. This would also represent the actual structure of society in modern world where women have proved their abilities in every aspect of life and in different professions and hence a diverse judiciary ca n eliminate the impression that judiciary is not coping up with the society and its needs where women go under different types of contracts. As a current presumption in domestic contract cases remain that husband and wife cant legally intend a contract; even that presumption is getting reduced over time as in modern world women are getting more autonomy and there is more a concept of relations catering different types of considerations from both parties. As matter of fact, there have been no female Lord Chancellors and none from ethnic minorities. The judicial representation from minorities in courts is minimal while the majority of the apex of justice system belongs to judges who are graduates of Cambridge and Oxford who neither had the restraints of commoner they deal with and neither had experience of their typical life backgrounds and ideologies. This proves to be a hurdle in effectively interpreting and enacting the law to citizen fairly and efficiently. It could also be diffic ult for the judges as they may not be able to relate to some of the situations put before them. Thus the judiciary direly needs to level with the modern world and presence of more women and ethnic minorities in judiciary can up the confidence of certain appellants in various cases, especially domestic cases and the taboo cases of rape, violence, discrimination or harassment which often dont get reported. Moreover, it can also enable people to aspire to be judges and not think of judicial posts as a profession exclusive for the cult. People from other than purely law background i.e. non-barristers can also prove to improve that confidence and the variety of profession at apex of Judiciary will improve the quality of decisions and Stare-Decisis as there would be technocrats and experts of different professions present to enable that. Therefore, there have been gradual improvement in the appointment process as its now not totally in hands of the Queen or Lord chancellor but the JAC is giving the recommendation for appointments. However, its still a compromise as initially the constitutional reform act 2005 made JAC responsible for appointing magistrates up to the supreme court members. The later agreement between JAC and Lord Chancellor retained the recruitment and selection powers. The statistics show that women percentage in Judiciary is gradually increasing but the process is very slow. Number of women in Court of appeal increased by one women, while stayed same in High court even after two new appointments; and in circuit judges by sixteen women. The overall increase in April 2014-15 is by 0.7 percent in courts and 0.8 percent in Tribunals. In the regard of gradual and clumsy increases Lord Sumptions words can be cited. He said rushing for equal representation of women at the top of legal profession can inflic t appalling consequences on the quality of British Justice. Concludingly we can say that the British Justice system is keen to reach the gender equality in legal profession as well as on its apex but is doing so gradually in order to not open a gate to incompetent judges in the system that can inflict harm to overall judicial system.

Music Appreciation and the Auditory System :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Music Appreciation and the Auditory System Have you ever come home after an exhausting day and turned on music to relax your nerves? While you are taking it easy, your auditory cortex is not. It works hard to synthesize the several musical elements of rhythm, pitch, frequency, and timbre to create a rich auditory experience. First, a discussion of the ear physiology is needed. Vibrating air moving at different frequencies hits the eardrum which causes the middle ear's three bones to move accordingly. The stapes, one of these inner ear bones hits on the oval window of the inner ear, and because the inner ear is filled with fluid, the bulging of the oval window causes this fluid to slosh around. The round window, also in the inner ear, compensates for the increased pressure by bulging outward. The inner ear has two functions, to transduce sound via the cochlea and to maintain a person's vertical position with respect to gravity via the vestibular system (1). . But here, we will only consider the transduction of sound. The cochlea is filled with hair cells that are extremely sensitive and depolarize with only slight perturbations of the inner ear fluid. At the point of depolarization, a neural signal is transmitted and on its way to the brain. This nerve impulse travels to the auditory nerve (8th cranial ne rve), passes through the brainstem, and then reaches the branched path of the cochlear nucleus: the ventral cochlear nucleus or the dorsal cochlear nucleus. The nerve signal that passes through the ventral cochlear nucleus will reach the superior olive in the medulla where differences in timing and loudness of sound are compared, and location of the sound's origin is pinpointed (1). The nerve signal that crosses the dorsal cochlear nucleus ultimately is analyzed for sound quality. As seen in the final step of sound transduction, the information relayed by the neural signal branches and processing occurs at different sights. No consensus has been reached as to where music is processed in the brain. Most researchers agree that the different components of music are processed in different parts of the brain, as exemplified by the branching pathway of the cochlear nucleus which facilitates the separation of sound timing and loudness with the sound quality analysis. But this information is not sufficient to answer the question of where our sense of music originates. Frackwiak has supplied a small part of the puzzle.

Bloom’s Research and Response Essay

Each domain has its own set of specific expectations. Bloom broke down his taxonomy into different levels of complexity. They are arraigned in a hierarchy from less to more complex. When teaching, the educator will use the levels so that mastery of the first level is necessary by the learner before the next level can be achieved. The Cognitive Domain focuses on knowledge and developing the skills of comprehension, it also uses critical thinking skills. There are six levels of complexity in this Domain: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation. The Affective Domain focuses on how the learner deals with emotions and with his ability to feel empathy for others. Bloom broke down this domain into five levels: Receiving (awareness), Responding (active participation in the learning process), Valuing, Organization, and Internalizing (values held that influence a behavior so it becomes a characteristic). The third domain, the Psychomotor Domain was not broken down into subcategories by Bloom but by Simpson in 1972. The Psychomotor Domain focuses on the ability to manipulate an object physically. This domain has seven levels: Perception, Set (readiness to act), Guided Response, Mechanism, Complex Overt Response (the ability to perform without hesitation), Adaptation, and Origination. When used, Bloom’s Taxonomy will provide the educator with a measurable way to assess the level of comprehension of the taught information by the learner (â€Å"Big Dog and Little Dog’s Performance Juxtaposition,† 2010). Nurses can use Bloom’s teaching method in educating patients with chronic diseases. First the nurse must assess the patient for level of understanding and readiness to learn. The nurse uses the Cognitive Domain to teach the patient about his specific disease and to facilitate understanding of all concepts associated with the disease and its treatments. In following the hierarchy the nurse would start with the simplest information and ideas and increase the complexity of the information after the patient has exhibited comprehension of the previously taught material. Using the Affective Domain the nurse helps the patient deal with his emotions related to his diagnosis and to attach a value to it. Once a patient has processed the information given to him, realizes the importance of managing his care and placing a value on its importance, he is ready to use the psychomotor domain. The educator uses the Psychomotor domain to teach the skills portion of education. Diabetics need to learn how to use blood glucose testing equipment; patients may need to learn how to self-catheterize these are just two examples of skills that nurses teach that fall under this domain. There are many areas of education a nurse teaches daily. One of which is the information given to patients with chronic diseases in order for them to achieve or maintain self-sufficiency. Bloom’s teaching method gives those patients the best chance at mastering the necessary information and skills needed to live day-to-day with a chronic illness.

Contextual factors on the adoption and infusion of ABC

The chief research aims of this survey are to look into the influence of certain contextual factors on the execution phases, acceptance and extract of ABC, and besides to look into whether the acceptance and extract of ABC better Persian fabrication houses ‘ public presentation ( fiscal and non fiscal ) This chapter provides a treatment to which findings reported in Chapter five are able to supply replies to the research inquiries and achieve the research objectives set out at the beginning of the research. The findings of this survey supply groundss in three distinguishable positions: execution phases, acceptance, and extract of ABC and in these countries are tested three major contextual facA ­tors: environmental factors, technological factors, and organisational factors. Therefore, the following three subdivisions discuss the consequences related to three major contextual facA ­tors: environmental factors, technological factors, and organisational factors. Following subdivision provides treatment on hypotheses 7 which predicted that the effects of each contextual factor on ABC execution phases are changed. Then relationships between execution phases, acceptance, extract of ABC and organisational public presentation are presented. Following subdivision provides treatment relat ionship between execution phases, acceptance, extract of ABC and organisational public presentation. The following subdivision the deduction of the survey, and discusses about both theoretical and practical deductions. This is followed by the treatment on the survey ‘s possible restrictions. For get the better ofing such restrictions, several suggestions are presented for future research. Finally, in the last subdivision, decision on the overall findings is presented.6.1. Technological factors and ABC1 ) Degree of information engineering quality ( IT ) : Hypothesis one that predicted the positive consequence of IT on three positions of ABC was non supported. IT did non significantly affect the execution phases, and extract ABC. Furthermore, it was found that IT to be negatively related to ABC acceptance. As reference in old chapters, acceptance has been the chief event in ABC surveies. In this survey that ABC execution was considered as the seven phases procedure, ABC adoptive parent was defined as a house who meet at least phases 4 or supra. It means the ABC acceptance is vary from ‘plan to follow ABC ‘ to ‘ABC have adopted ‘ . The consequence indicates the negative consequence of IT on ABC acceptance. This determination is considered with survey by Krumwide ( 1998b ) who find that high degree of information system ( IT ) may force houses to reject ABC before following. She argued that houses in high information system quality that are satisfied with information provided from bing system might be loath to put their resources in following ABC system. It seems that houses who have non reached the acceptance phase besides invest in a big sum of resource on IT. Possibly excessively much IT takes the focal point off from following ABC. These consequences suggest h ouses without high IT quality possibly more able to follow ABC. This survey used seven execution phases and defined extract ABC as the phase seven â€Å" Used extensively † . For analysing â€Å" extract ABC † merely ABC adoptive parent houses are included in the sample ( n = 33 ) . In the phase seven, ABC information is used outside the accounting section for determination devising. This phase is frequently cited as an of import end or ABC success. However, accomplishing this end can be hard ; some research workers believed that organisational factors have consequence on extract ABC more than the other factors ( e.g. , Shields, 1995 ; Krumwiede, 1998b ) . The IT did non play important function for houses to travel higher execution phases of ABC and accomplishing infuse ABC. Besides this consequence is non congruity with of Krumwiede ( 1998b ) who find positive consequence of IT on extract ABC, it seems the comparatively little sample size for the extract analysis failed IT playing important functions. 2 ) Degree of merchandise diverseness ( DIVER ) : In this survey DIVER relates to the assortment of merchandises that are manufactured by a house. H ( 2 ) provinces that degree of merchandise diverseness has a positive consequence on ( a ) ABC execution phases, ( B ) ABC acceptance, and ( degree Celsius ) ABC extract. Hypothesis ( 1 ) was partly supported and the consequences suggest that there is a positive and important consequence of DIVER on ABC execution and ABC acceptance, but grounds shows DIVER did non significantly affect ABC extract. This suggests that as merchandise diverseness is high, the houses make greater following ABC and besides they are motivated to run into higher phase of ABC execution. These happening supported by many research workers ( e.g. , Bjornenak 1997 ; Clarke et al. , 1999 ; Krumwiede, 1998b ; Cagwin and Bouwman, 2002 ; Brown et al. , 2004 ) . They believed that high degree of merchandise diverseness increase the demand of more accurate costing systems which is a primary ground for following a new bing system such as ABC. This is what Cagwin and Bouwman ( 2002 ) where they argued that traditional cost systems has some failing ( e.g. , distorted the cost of merchandises ) and this failing in high degree of DIVER will be addition. The consequence suggests that merchandise diverseness increased the houses are more likely to utilizing ABC system. So for get the better ofing this failing the houses that produce more than five merchandises tend to be more likely to utilize ABC than houses with fewe r products.. DIVER does non play an of import function in extract ABC. This determination is contestant with Krumwiede ( 1998b ) found similar consequence. Previous surveies ( Cooper and Zmud 1990: Shields 1995 ; Krumwiede, 1998b ) suggest that organisational factors are more of import than technological factors for making the extract phase. It seems achieve the concluding phase of ABC ( utilize extensively ) is an internal challenges which affected by other variables. Furthermore, possibly the comparatively little sample size for the extract analysis failed DIVER playing important functions. 3 ) Degree of operating expense ( OVER ) : The step of OVERE involved with the measuring of house ‘s cost construction and per centum of operating expense calculated and applied as a value of OVER. However, the descriptive statistic consequence ( table 5.15, p.190 ) shows in 52.7 % of houses, more than 24 % of entire cost is overhead, which is high degree of operating expense. These findings are rather similar to Xiong et Al. ( 2008 ) where they found that in Chinese fabrication houses the per centum of fabricating overhead disbursal have increased in recent decennaries. Furthermore, many research workers believed that the operating expenses allotment method in traditional costing system is non accurate, therefore the higher degree of overA ­head is the chief ground for altering the traditional costing system to new cost accounting systems such as ABC ( Narong, 2009 ; Xiong et al. , 2008 ) . H ( 3 ) that was antecedently expected a positive consequence of degree of operating expense on three positions of ABC is marginally supported. However, the determination shows mixes consequences and propose three different functions for relationships between OVER and execution phases, acceptance, and extract of ABC system. In execution phases, OVER is non an of import factor finding execution phases. In ABC acceptance, OVER positively influence the ABC acceptance. Furthermore OVER effects extract of ABC negatively. Kaplan ( 1991 ) believed that the overhead allotment system falsify the cost in traditional costing systems. The positive consequence of OVER on ABC acceptance is consistent with many research workers ( e.g. , Brent, 1992 ; Sohal and Chung, 1998 ; Wynder, 2008 ; Cagwin and Bouwman, 2002 ; Foster and Swenson, 1997 ) . The consequence suggested the houses with high OVER are more likely to follow ABC. Krumwiede ( 1998a ) argued that in low degree of overhead cost is a lower potency for cost deformations, and in this status, the benefits of ABC may be limited. In high degree of operating expense, potency for cost deformations is high. ABC may cut down merchandise cost deformations well ; nevertheless, this status might force houses to follow ABC system. In contrast houses with low OVER are more likely to finish acceptance procedure and meeting extract ABC. Besides this consequence is non congruence with of with Krumwiede ( 1998b ) who found that OVER does non impact extract ABC, is congruity with many research workers who found that the major trouble faced by following ABC successfully was finding of cost drivers and developing an activity lexicon ( e.g. , Khalid, 2005 ; Anand et al. , 2005 ) . They indicate that the higher the grade of OVER, the higher trouble is for happening cost drivers is. So it seems the troubles for happening accurate cost driver within acceptance phases hinder the houses to make extract ABC ( last phase ) . However, the determination shows mixes consequences for OVER and propose three different functions of OVER on three positions of ABC. This determination contestant by the invention theory that indicated a variable may hold different consequence on different phases ( Cooper and Zmud, 1990 ) . The overall consequence for over indicate the effects of OVER on three positions of ABC are changed.6.2. Environmental factors and ABC1 ) Perceived environmental uncertainness ( PEU ) : From expletory factor analysis for PEU, three constituent factors were extracted: â€Å" perceived environmental uncertainty-industrial † ( PEU-IND ) , â€Å" perceived environmental uncertainty-financial † ( PEU-FIN ) , â€Å" perceived environmental uncertainty-economical † ( PEU-ECO ) . Three dimensions of PEU measuring are based on gauging the predictability in many facets included: house ‘s providers, rivals, clients, financial/capital markets, authorities regulative, labour brother hoods, and economic sciences, politics/technology. As shows by the descriptive statistic ( table 5.17, p.191 ) PEU in all factors have average tonss above 3.00. It means the economical activities of Iran are surrounded by high degree of sensed environment uncertainness ( PEU ) . In this status the houses may non be able to foretell future easy therefore impede them to implement ABC or other new advanced accounting system. Hypothesis 4 that provinces that PEU has a negative consequence on ( a ) ABC execution phases, ( B ) ABC acceptance, and ( degree Celsius ) ABC extract is marginally supported. From three dimensions of PEU merely PEU-FIN affects negatively ABC execution, all three dimensions of PEU negatively affect ABC acceptance. Furthermore, PEU-FIN affects positively ABC extract. As expected, PEU appears to play a major function in the acceptance ABC. There are negative and important relationships between all three dimensions of PEU and ABC acceptance, bespeaking the lower the grade of PEU, the higher purpose for following ABC is. Besides this consequence is inconsistent with of Anderson ( 1995 ) where found that environmental uncertainness promotes ABC acceptance, is consistent with Jusoh ( 2008 ) who found PEU negatively affect Balanced Scorecard Measures ( BSC ) use. Although the relationships between environmental uncertainness and the execution phases, acceptance, and extract ABC have non tested in the study surveies before, the extent of literature in other cost invention system ( e.g. , mark costing and balanced scorecard ) and direction accounting systems ( MAS ) supported these relationships ( e.g. , Gul, 1991 ; Lat and Hassel 1998 ; Jusoh, 2008 ; Chenhall and Morris, 1993 ; Hussain, 2003 Ax et al. , ( 2008 ) . The common decision of these surveies is that when the environmental uncertainness is considered high, directors holding less entree to information needed to do determinations and can non delegate chances to the results of the determinations. It seems under unsure conditions, director ( possibly for cut downing the hazard of the altering system ) does non supply resources for implementing new invention system such as ABC. The low rate of utilizing ABC in Iran ( 6.91 % ) may explicate with this determination. In contrast, merely one PEU declines, PEU-FIN positively affect ABC extract. This consequence indicated that after houses adopt ABC system, the higher PEU-FIN motivates them to finish the execution procedure and involve to last phase ( used extensively ) or concluding end. PEU-FIN related to predictability of financial/capital markets aspect, it seems in unsure environment fiscal resources are instable therefore ; steadfast collapsible shelter to rapidly make the concluding end of execution procedure, if they wait the cost might increase dramatically. Furthermore, these houses need to utilize ABC as chief system cost accounting system to better their cost accounting information. These acquiring consequences are consistent with Anderson ( 1995 ) who indicated that environmental uncertainness promotes ABC. Furthermore, more late Ax et Al. ( 2008 ) found that the execution of mark costing was correlated with the degree of PEU. The overall determination indicates from three decline of PEU, PEU-FIN has important consequence on three on three positions of ABC. However, an of import determination of this survey is that PEU-FIN is besides associated with ABC extract. There is important consequence with merely one decline of PEU on extract ABC. — Some pervious research workers propose that organisational factors ( e.g. , house size, preparation, and direction support ) may impact the extract ABC procedure more than the technological and environmental variables ( e.g. , Shields, 1995 ; Cooper and Zmud 1990 ; Krumwiede, 1996 ) . 2 ) Degree of competition ( COMPT ) : Competition refers to the grade of competition a house faces in a peculiar market. Hypothesis 5 which predicted the positive consequence of COMPET on ( a ) ABC execution phases, ( B ) ABC acceptance, and ( degree Celsius ) ABC extract is partly supported. The COMPET positively affect execution phases and acceptance but COMPET is non an of import factor finding extract ABC. Malmi ( 1999 ) argued that competition influences the demand of accurate cost accounting information. The incorrect cost information in extremely competitory industries errors made, these errors may work by rivals instantly. Furthermore, Anderson and Young ( 1999 ) believed that in extremely competitory status, houses focus on sale monetary value and cost decrease. They argued that in this status new cost informations such as ABC are most valuable. Furthermore ABC may supply accurate and clear information that may assist tauten to cut down the cost. The determination that COMPET positively affect execution phases and acceptance quit similar to study consequence conducted by Cagwin and Bouwman ( 2002 ) who found that non-competitive state of affairss such as monopoly can take to utilize traditional cost accounting than with ABC. Furthermore, Anderson ( 1995 ) found competition played an of import function in conveying cost systems under direction review and improved the hunt for happe ning new cost direction attacks so high degree of competition encourage houses to follow ABC. In contrast, COMPET is non an of import factor finding extract ABC. Previous surveies ( Cooper and Zmud 1990: Shields 1995 ; Krumwiede, 1998b ) believed that organisational factors are more of import than environmental or technological factors for making the extract phase. It seems achieve the concluding phase of ABC ( utilize extensively ) is an internal challenges which affected by organisational factors. Furthermore, possibly the comparatively little sample size for the extract analysis failed COMPET playing important functions. 3 ) Business scheme: the accounting literature suggests that houses use peculiar accounting system, is depending on which scheme they adopt. Gosselin ( 1997 ) asserted that Miles and Snow ‘s typology is more appropriate for analyzing the issue of invention direction accounting systems such as ABC. This survey examined the grade to which houses emphasize each of the concern scheme types proposed by Miles and Snow ( 1978 ) who identified four strategic types of organisations harmonizing to the rate of alteration merchandises and markets: prospectors ( STRA-P ) , guardians ( STRA-D ) , analysers ( STRA-A ) , and reactors ( STRA-R ) . Prospectors are characterized by their dynamism in seeking market chances. Defenders have a scheme which is the polar antonym from prospectors they operate within a narrow product-market sphere characterized by high production volume and low merchandise diverseness. Analyzers stand between these two classs, sharing features of both prospectors and gua rdians. Reactors do non follow a witting scheme. As shows by the descriptive statistic ( see table 5.18, p.192 ) , most houses ( 32.4 ) adopt reactor scheme, prospector scheme is least adopted by houses ( 19.1 % ) . Hypothesis 6 ( H6 ) suggested that prospectors are more likely to be ( a ) in higher phases of ABC execution phases, ( B ) ABC adoptive parents, and ( degree Celsius ) ABC infuser. H ( 6 ) is non supported. Although houses who adopt ABC employ a peculiar scheme, face-to-face with expected, analysers are more likely to be in higher phases of ABC execution and ABC adoptive parents Furthermore result indicated that extract ABC does non use a peculiar scheme. Although, the consequence did support hypothesis related to concern scheme, it shows analyser scheme with sharing advantages of both prospector and guardian is the best type of scheme to follow ABC and to travel to higher ABC execution. It seems in unsure environment that Persian houses faced, analysers houses have more tolerance and they can foretell necessary elements to do ABC acceptance determination, and to travel to higher ABC execution phases. These important determination is consistent with a statistical survey conducted by Bhimani et Al. ( 2005 ) where they found that scheme influenced the determination to see ABCM, scheme influenced the success of ABCM execution They asserted that houses will put more accent on peculiar accounting techniques or information, depending on which scheme they adopt. In contrast, the consequence indicated that for run intoing the last phase ( ABC extract phase ) houses no demand to use a peculiar scheme. This is what Moll ( 2005 ) found in her survey in that ABC user houses did non follow a peculiar scheme. As reference in old treatment, organisational factors are more of import than environmental or technological factors for making the extract phase. It seems achieve the concluding phase of ABC ( utilize extensively ) is an internal challenges which affected by organisational factors. Furthermore, possibly the comparatively little sample size for the extract analysis failed STRA playing important functions.6.3. Organizational factors and ABC1 ) Firm size ( SIZE ) : Size is measured as the degree of one-year gross revenues gross of the respondent ‘s houses. H ( 8 ) that proposed SIZE has a positive consequence on ( a ) ABC execution phases, ( B ) ABC acceptance, and ( degree Celsius ) ABC extract strongly supports. The consequences suggeste d the SIZE significantly affect execution phases, acceptance, and extract of ABC. As expected, the larger the company, the more likely it is to follow ABC, and wining to higher execution phases even last phase ( stage 7 extract phase ) . Larger companies may besides hold more resources to put for inventions like ABC. This determination is consistence with two statistical surveies by Krumwiede ( 1998b ) and Krumwiede and Suessmair, ( 2005 ) . Krumwiede ( 1998b ) found that SIZE was a important variable in the ABC acceptance analysis and Krumwiede and Suessmair ( 2005 ) found size positively affect extract and range to high degree of German cost accounting methods ( GPK ) . Bjornenak ( 1997 ) argued that big houses have the needed resources, such as clip, financess, and forces to finance the substructure and, hence, are more capable of following ABC. Additionally, big houses with economic sciences of graduated table are more likely to afford the execution of ABC. Further, harmonizing to Van Nguyen and Brooks ( 1997 ) larger houses are more likely to hold greater entree to the cognition of design and implement ABC. 2 ) Top direction support: ( TMSUP ) : Krumwiede ( 1996 ) asserted the top direction support have connexion with houses that have begun acceptance ABC, therefore it merely tested for extract analysis together with both other technological and environmental factors. H ( 9 ) that stated top direction support has a positive consequence on ABC extract is strongly supported. The literature has identified that if top direction support the ABC, the hazard of the undertaking is reduced, entree to resources is increased and cut downing project uncertainness and thereby doing acceptance is easier ( e.g. Shields, 1995 ; Cooper et al. , 1992 ; Krumwiede, 1998b ; Brown et al. , 2004 ; Krumwiede and Suessmair, 2005 ; Melah and Nasir Ibrahim, 2006 ) . These important determination is consistent with a statistical survey conducted by Dosch and Wilson ( 2007 ) where they found that the most of import factors to ABC success was top direction support. Shields ( 1995 ) argued that the function of top di rectors ‘ support for ABC execution success is of import because can deny resources for acceptance an invention if they do non back up. Furthermore they can supply the political aid needed to actuate or force aside persons and alliances who resist the invention if they support. 3 ) Degree of preparation ( TRAIN ) : Because the Level of developing have connexion with houses that have begun acceptance ABC, it is non considered for the early acceptance ABC, and they merely tested for extract analysis together with other factors. Hypothesis 10 that asserted preparation has a positive consequence on ABC extract is non supported. The deficiency of significance for consequence of preparation on ABC extract is besides surprising. The determination that quit similar to study consequence conducted by Maelah and Nasir Ibrahim ( 2006 ) who did non happen found important influence of preparation on AB. Furthermore, Krumwiede ( 1998b ) found a negative consequence of train on ABC extract It seems the deficiency of significance for relationship between preparation and extract ABC is related to little sample size for the extract analysis ( n = 33 ) . Furthermore, from this little sample, more houses ( n = 20 ) houses are at the initial phase of ABC acceptance. Therefore, the preparation in relation to ABC was non looking as an of import factor among these organisations.6.4 Changes the consequence of contextual factorHypothesis 7 ( H7 ) stated that the consequence of these contextual factors: degree of information engineering quality, degree of merchandise diverseness, degree of operating expense, perceived environmental uncertainness, degree of competition, concern scheme, and steadfast size alteration in ABC execution phases. Consequence shows ( see table5.31, p.210 ) from 7 variable merely 2 variable ( SIZE and STRA-A ) have same consequence on the ABC execution phases and the H ( 7 ) partly supported. This determination besides is consistency with many ABC surveies ( e.g. , Anderson, 1995 ; Krumwiede, 1998b ; Gosselin, 1997 ) which found that the consequence of selected factors vary from phase to present. Although they use a different phase theoretical account and different factors, they found same consequence that different factors associated with the different phases. Furthermore, this determination is consistency with information systems ( IS ) invention theory ( Kwon and Zmud, 1987 ) which widely accepted by the most of ABC research workers. The theory suggested that alteration occur in phases and grade of importance for each contextual factor is differ in several ABC execution phases.6.5 Organizational public presentationTwo types of public presentation steps are typically used to measure a house ‘s public presentation: fiscal and non fiscal steps. Hussain ( 2003 ) asserted multidimensional public presentation steps improve the public presentation measuring. 1 ) Financial public presentation ( PER-FIN ) : Hypothesis 11 that proposed houses who are ( a ) in higher ABC execution phases, ( B ) ABC adoptive parents, and ( degree Celsius ) ABC infuser have greater degree of fiscal public presentation is to the full supported. The consequences show houses who are in higher ABC execution phases have greater degree of fiscal public presentation than houses who are in lower phases. ABC adoptive parents have greater degree of fiscal public presentation than non adoptive parents houses. Furthermore the consequence indicated ABC infuser has greater degree of fiscal public presentation than non infuser houses. This is what Cagwin and Bouwman ( 2002 ) found in their survey in that positive relationship between ABC acceptance and betterment their fiscal public presentation. 1 ) Non fiscal public presentation ( PER-NFIN ) : Hypothesis 12 that asserted houses who are ( a ) in higher ABC execution phases, ( B ) ABC adoptive parents, and ( degree Celsius ) ABC infuser have greater degree of non fiscal public presentation is to the full supported. The consequences show houses who are in higher ABC execution phases have greater degree of non fiscal public presentation than houses who are in lower phases. ABC adoptive parents have greater degree of non fiscal public presentation than non adoptive parents houses. Furthermore the consequence indicated ABC infuser has greater degree of non fiscal public presentation than non infuser houses. This important determination is consistent with a statistical survey conducted by Kennedy and Affleck-Graves ( 2001 ) where they found that the ABC acceptance significantly improves organisational public presentation including fiscal and non fiscal public presentation. Furthermore, Cooper et Al. ( 1992 ) argue that â€Å" the end of ABC is to increase net incomes, non to obtain more accurate costs † . Damanpour ( 1987 ) believed that directors are involved to the issue of bettering their organisational public presentation by following inventions. Cooper and Kaplan ( 1991 ) believed that ABC analysis enable directors to understand the beginnings of cost variableness and shows actions they can take to cut down demands on their organisational resources. Gering ( 1999 ) argued that activity-based costing by concentrating on which client or merchandise is profitable can better public presentation. Cagwin and Bouwman ( 2002 ) argued that steps of success of ABC related to better fiscal public presentation. Some research workers named extract ABC as an ABC success while acceptance is means apply ABC and get down point for implementing ABC. Meanwhile, proving ABC extract shows the clear imagination of ABC acceptance success. Sing the benefits of ABC, nevertheless, are most of import groundss which indicated that ABC user increased net incomes and obtained more public presentation. Some benefits which ABC research workers found as follow: more able to mensurate cost accurately, better apprehension of merchandise costing, and develop public presentation measurings ( Kiani and Sangeladjiai, 2003 ; Khalid, 2005 ) , better understanding for cost decrease chances, and improves managerial determination and besides proviso of better cost control, higher degrees of satisfaction with their organisations bing system ( Moll, 2005 ; Brent 1992 ) , bettering the truth of cost measured for different merchandises and services by more accurately delegating direct cost, utility of cost information for det ermination ( Clausen, 2002 ; Cooper and Kaplan, 1992 ) , Supplying a dependable indicant of long-term variable merchandise cost which is peculiarly relevant to, managerial decision-making at a strategic degree ( Sohal and Chung, 1998 ) .6.6. Deductions of the surveyThe findings of this survey have both practical and theoretical deductions. Attewell ( 1992 ) observed that most statistical surveies on inventions have used two distinguishable positions for analysis: acceptance and extract. But this survey effort utilizing one more distinguishable position for analysis: execution phases.6.6.1. Theoretical deductionsAt the degree of theory, the primary relevancy lies in its scrutiny in three distinguishable positions: execution phases, acceptance, and extract of ABC. This survey attempts to lend to the theoretical organic structure of cognition in four Fieldss. In the file of cost accountings invention, the determination can explicate utilizing ABC as an of import cost accounting invention. ABC introduced to get the better of failing of traditional cost accounting system. Although utilizing ABC demonstrates advantages and improves house ‘s public presentation ; degree of utilizing of this system is still lower than traditional 1. Besides the determination may explicate this paradox by demoing the negative consequence of some factors on ABC acceptance which are non under the directions control ( e.g. , environmental uncertainness ) or affect of some factors opposite what was antecedently expected ( e.g. , information engineering quality ) . The potency for direction accounting literature ( MAS ) to inform ABC execution research is highlighted by this survey. Mireover, this survey contributes to the accounting invention literature refering the combination consequence of certain contextual factors on execution phases, acceptance, and ext ract of ABC. Further, the chief part is conceptualisation of sensed environmental uncertainness ( PEU ) and its investigated consequence that indicated influences of PEU on execution phases, acceptance, and extract of activity-based costing ( ABC ) . This survey identified the PEU as a most of import determiner for making the acceptance and extract of ABC. In add-on, this survey contributes to the literature sing to applied multidimensional public presentation steps and trial difference of fiscal and non fiscal public presentation between adoptive parents / non adoptive parents, infusers / non infusers, and low execution phases / high phases groups. Furthermore, the survey contributes to the strategic direction literature with supplying groundss refering the designation and measuring of Miles and Snow ‘s scheme typology. Furthermore the determination can explicate that houses use peculiar accounting system, is depending on which scheme they adopt.6.6.2. Practical deductionsFrom the determination of this survey, there are deductions in four practical countries. First sing the ABC system designs, different contextual factors ( i.e. , technological, environmental, and organisational factors ) are tested to happen whether they affect acceptance, and extract ABC. The determination is shown technological factors ( e.g. , Information system quality, merchandises diverseness, and operating expense ) , environmental factors ( e.g. , Uncertainty, competition, and scheme ) and organisational factors ( e.g. , size ) consequence the acceptance ABC. Furthermore, the consequences indicate the positive function for these full variables ex cept information engineering and uncertainness that affect ABC acceptance negatively. Furthermore, the consequence shows size, direction support, and uncertainty-financial positively affect extract ABC. Focus on factors that influence ABC acceptance and extract will supply utile flashiness for houses who are interested for using ABC. Based on the determination of this survey, organisations in high rate of positive ABC adoptive parents features are the good campaigners for following ABC. It seems these consequences may be of import for non-ABC adoptive parents houses sing acceptance or ABC adoptive parents houses sing extract ABC. Organizations may desire to compare themselves on these factors to find how closely they make consecutive with following and infusing houses. Second, with respect to the regard of concern scheme use, the determination provides groundss that concern scheme is a cardinal component in the implementing and following ABC system. The determination indicated adoptive parents houses are following peculiar scheme. From Miles and Snow ( 1978 ) scheme typology, analyser are more likely to be in higher ABC execution phase and besides ABC acceptance. Based on the determination of this survey, houses that choose analyzer scheme analyser are good campaigners for following ABC. Thus these companies may be refering for utilizing ABC to develop their cost accounting system. Organizations may desire to compare themselves on scheme to find how closely they make consecutive with adopting houses. Third, the most of import determination of this survey is following and inculcating ABC system better both fiscal and non fiscal organisational public presentation. These consequences should be of import for non-ABC adoptive parents houses sing acceptance or ABC adoptive parents houses sing extract ABC. Firms may actuate to following ABC to better their organisational public presentation. Furthermore, houses who are adopted ABC may better their cost accounting methods by extract ABC and accomplishing concluding end.6.7. RestrictionAs with any research, this survey has many restrictions that must be cited. The undermentioned restrictions are the most relevant. First, the pick of trying frame is old restrictions. This survey covers merely fabricating sectors selected from Tehran Stock Exchange ( TSE ) and consequences of the survey besides need to be generalized with cautiousness. There are any generalisations of the consequences to other sector ( e.g. , distribution, retail, services, transit, and others ) should be with cautiousness. In this instance future research should see other sectors such as service and non-profit sectors, authorities organisation in order to acquire better apprehension of the ABC system and its application. Further, the existent population of fabrication houses in whole Iran was non considered. In this instance, future research should look into across geographical parts in Iran to get the better of the restriction of little sample size. Second, the response rate was reasonably high at a degree of 44 % and t-test was performed to try forestalling this job. Gosselin ( 1995 ) believed that there is no manner to cognize for certain whether the non-respondents are different than the respondents. However, it can non reason that respondents are equal option for the whole population of fabrication listed on TSE. For future research suggested that uses both questionnaire study and instance survey methods to avoid this restriction. Third, questionnaire were use to obtain informations and focused for mensurating the respondents ‘ perceptual experiences. Therefore, the variable steps are more subjective than other possible types of information. For illustration in this survey the operating expense cost assumes as an independent variable and its measuring was more subjective, future research should put a greater concern for measuring variables and should utilize secondary informations for mensurating some variable such as house size, diverseness, operating expense and fiscal public presentation to order garnering nonsubjective informations. Next, the decision-making procedures are rather complex and likely related to extra factors which are non tested in this survey. Surveies are limited by a deficiency of other contextual factor. In this instance, future research should clear up the relationship between international PEU perceptual experience, entry manner scheme and ABC acceptance. Finally, a study attack enhances the external cogency of the findings, but for farther improved it should be better to carry on follow-up interviews if it been possible.6.8. DecisionActivity-based costing is the most of import accounting invention. It was developed for get the better ofing the merchandise cost deformation that caused by utilizing traditional costing system ( TCA ) , and research workers have agreed that ABC allocates overhead costs more accurately than TCA. In fact, the possible offered by the survey may good transcend the other accounting inventions. ABC has gained increasing public presentation and consciousness throughout the fabrication houses. Sing the benefits of ABC, empirical groundss show that ABC user increased net incomes and enhance organisational public presentation. In the current survey Logit analysis was used to prove the effects of several contextual factors on execution, acceptance and extract of ABC. These contextual factors were classified as technological, environmental, and organisational factors. Overall findings show the consequence of the technological factors ( e.g. , Information system quality, merchandises diverseness, and operating expense ) , on execution, acceptance and extract is marginally supported. The overall consequence of environmental factors ( e.g. , Uncertainty, competition, and scheme ) on these three distinct positions of ABC is partly supported. Meanwhile, the overall consequence of organisational factors ( e.g. , size, direction support, and preparation ) is ABC is partly supported. Fur thermore, three interesting consequence of this survey were: The negative consequence of IT on acceptance ABC, The negative consequence of operating expense on extract ABC, and the positive consequence of uncertainty-financial on extract ABC Furthermore, this survey found the betterment of house ‘s public presentation in the acceptance and extract phase of ABC. The primary focal point of this work is non to develop new theatrical processs to follow ABC system and brow a 7 phases model from other research worker, but to research how this theoretical account would work when the environment and the factors combination are changed. Three theoretical accounts were developed to capture the consequence of certain factors on different phases of ABC. Adoption theoretical account look into the influences of contextual factors when ABC is used on occasion, while in extract theoretical account, ABC is used extensively. Furthermore, ABC execution phases model effort to happen the different consequence of this contextual factors on different phases. This survey follows the theory that used by most of ABC acceptance research, which is called information systems ( IS ) invention theory. ABC is defined as a direction accounting invention, and it is considered as an administrative invention ( versus technological invention ) .This survey is an invention research, tried to explicate execution procedure by utilizing a factor-based attack ( versus a eventuality attack ) . This survey found grounds that perceived environment uncertainness ( PEU ) plays an of import function in execution, acceptance, and extract phase of ABC. It is besides of import to observe Iran face with in unpredictable environment. The findings suggest that under unsure conditions, director does non supply resources for implementing new invention system such as ABC. The consequences besides provide grounds on the function ABC as an invention accounting systems to better fiscal and non fiscal public presentation.